In his articles, Zinsser takes a negative view of the college Essay

Pressures that an individual feels affect his disposition towards life. The pressure may be taken as positive or negative depending on the weight it brings a person. Most of the time pressures are viewed to bring about negative effect to the person but some just do not realize that it is the pressure felt by an individual which motivates him to finish a goal. For example, a student is pressured to finish his assignment that is about to be due and if he is not able to finish it, he will be able to receive a low mark. The student then strives hard to finish that assignment on time so that he will not be given low mark by his professor. Sometimes, pressure may also cause a student to do the assignment for the sake of doing it because if he does not submit the assignment on time, he will be able to get a low mark. In short, pressures also bring about negative outputs. In the essay by Zinsser, he had taken a negative view of the college pressures he identified. He identified pressures such as economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. He had discussed that this college pressures had been a hindrance for the college students to enjoy their peer activities, to choose their own college courses to pursue and to do whatever things they find interesting and more enjoyable to do. The pressures he had identified are considered as hindrance for the students to pursue their chosen dreams. He discussed that the pressures had been affecting the students but he didn’t realize that these pressure in the long run will be viewed as valuable for the student. The pressure which Zinsser considered as problems and hindrances for student s will be an important aspect in realizing their true dreams. Economic pressures of the society today should not be viewed negatively or as a hindrance that could consummate a college student who is trying hard to be able to finish his college studies. Otherwise, economic pressures such as the increasing trends of insurances, postage, oils, cost of boarding and tuition fees. Instead of viewing the pressures negatively, the students should be able to consider it as a challenge that they should be able to get through in order to survive in the world where they chose to live. Economic pressures serve as a challenge for the college students to try harder in pursuing their dreams to come true. Yes, it is very true that the economic pressure nowadays greatly affects the situation of the students who are financially unstable but it should not be considered a hindrance for them to pursue whatever they aim to achieve in life. As the competition for scholarships and grants is becoming very tougher and tougher nowadays because of economic deficits felt by large companies, it is really hard to secure one in order to continue studying for college. However, securing a scholarship or grant for a student who really needs to get a scholarship will not be difficult if he have a strong drive or motivation. Nothing is impossible for a person who is really interested and who is really motivated to achieve a goal. Students who are not financially unstable don’t experience the economic pressure that is experienced by the students who are financially constrained. They are more affected with the pressures they feel from their parents. Parents of these students decide that their children must enroll to a law school or a medical school. The reason behind these is that they wanted to make sure that their children get the best education in order for them to have a secured future. Secured future for them is enrolling in a law school or a medical school because these field of education promises large lump of money. Although some people have a negative view towards the pressures a child receive from his parents, these pressures still could cause good effects to the children in the long run. If we make an analysis, in the short run, the pressures that parents give their children may not provide good impacts to them but in the long run, it will be able to do them good. Why? In the long run, the children will little by little accept the fate that their parents had given them and will eventually provide them good results. The student may not be really interested in the field that his parents like him to pursue but as he goes along the way, he will eventually mature and will realize that his parents want him to have the best education for him to be able to have a secured future. As he matures, he will then realize that he is more than fortunate that his parents could provide him the best education they could ever offer unlike the unfortunate children that need to work in order to go to school. Because of the decision his parents made for him when he entered college, he then realizes that the pressures his parents had given him had offered him positive results and it did not turned out to have caused him negative results. Self induced pressure should also be viewed as a valuable and important thing in the building the future of a student. In school, he is pressured to do surpass the efforts that his classmates exert to be able to get high marks. Studying hard as well as exerting so much effort in school is a good trait a student must possess. The students learn in a way that he also has exerted effort. In this case, after graduating, he will be ready to surpass all the pressures of his work. He will not have the feeling of difficulty because he had been equipped with the right knowledge he gained when he was studying. Peer pressures felt by a student is also a valuable thing that he could use when he will seek his first job in the future. Pressure from peer is compared to the pressure that he will feel when he is already employed and will tae orders from his boss. At first, pressures given by peers to a student is not beneficial because it distracts the concentration of the student in studying but eventually in the long run, he will be able to get used in the pressures he feels from his peers. In this way, pressures from work in the long run will not be considered as a hindrance from him to also excel in his work in the future. He had been trained with the pressures his friends had given him and in return, the pressures of his work in the future will not be a problem anymore because he will deal it with enthusiasm. Pressures that a student undergoes during a certain part of his life particularly in his college life are very important and valuable. They should not be viewed negatively because it is a process wherein training is executed. The student is trained to become a real equipped person to be battling in the future in his work as well as in his own life and family. If in his college life, he had been used to pressure, the pressures he will be undergoing in the future will not be a burden for him to succeed instead, it will be regarded as a challenge that is to be solved with patience and perseverance. Works Cited: Zinsser. William (1978). College Pressures. The Norton Reader. Norton-Simon Publishing.

When Help Turns to Abuse

I can remember the conversation as if it was yesterday. While in a grocery store walking in the grocery aisle, I overheard a woman talking to another woman and her husband. The part that caught my attention was the young lady saying, â€Å"I can get you the cheese, milk, and eggs with my WIC, and all you have to do is give me the money when we leave the store. † I knew this wasn’t right, so I made sure I was at the check-out counter to see if what I overheard was true. To my surprise, the young woman paid for things using a check like piece of paper and waited for the couple to leave the store. In the parking lot, I witnessed the young lady giving the couple the bags that she left the store with and they handed her some cash. For this and many other reasons I would like to propose that people that receive this state appointed assistance should have a time limit on how much they can receive. Doing research on the assistance that is afforded to individuals, I learned how and why these programs were implemented. For instance, the WIC (Women, Infant, and Children) program was established in 1968 after a group of physicians described to the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and also the USDA that young women, often pregnant, came to their clinics with various ailments that were caused by lack of food. Those doctors would prescribe the needed foods, with prescription acting like a food voucher (Women, Infant and Children. gov). In this new day and age the program isn’t respected like in the past. The purpose of the program has taken a turn for the worse. Where the program gives women a chance for a better nutritional way to feed their family, some take the route of scamming the government. Per the conversation I overheard, I use it as my main point on why there should be a limited amount of time placed on this for both women and men. Right now women can receive this assistance until their child reaches the age of five. While not all women abuse the system, the small amounts that do leave a nasty pill to swallow for those that don’t. Being put in the same category as a cheater give some mothers a bad rap. My proposal to put these people on a timetable may not seem fair to some, but it will give these women a chance to help feed their families and also give them a chance to become independent on themselves instead of the government. As long as these women continue to have child after child before the first one reaches five, we the tax payers have to support the system that is being abused. For each program the person is on, I propose that we give them education and job training. This will help them get off the program and develop a sense of worth. Instead of hand outs, let the government give hand ups. Making them accountable for more than just receiving a check or voucher will instill values in that person. Don’t get me wrong, I do believe that we should help those that cannot help themselves. I believe that we shouldn’t just give help without checking to see how the recipients are doing with this help. While finding a clear cut way to track the applicants is a good way to start with this help. For instance, if the social worker sees a trend that a person turns up pregnant six months from the end of benefits multiple times may send up red flags that the system may be abused by that person. This is a way of tracking and putting them in a category as maybe this person is abusing the system. As a taxpayer, seeing these people going to work would be a great accomplishment. RN Eugenie Hildebrant, author of Impoverished Women with Children and no Welfare Benefits states,† It is important that public health researchers investigate the experiences of the families for whom Temporary Assistance for Needy Families has failed† (793). This comes from her opinion that the system isn’t giving the families the help they really need. Helping them with education and a way off the system will help them more than the handout they are receiving. Families that want to better themselves will try to get off the program. Being undereducated and entering an under skilled workforce may cause more harm than good to the family. Realizing their children will grow up poor or in poor health they have no choice but to get back on the system. The main issue on this is at least they tried to make a go of it before they had to come back onto the program. Offering job training may be a way to help families on the program. It would give them a sense of pride in themselves and not the feeling of relying on the system for a chance to help their family. The training will get them off the program in two years with job training and the much needed education to have a well paying job. As far as Douglas Wolf, a research scholar at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis states, â€Å"Underreporting or completely failing to report earnings to a welfare agency is a way of welfare fraud† (The Dynamics of Welfare Fraud) (438). For the government to realize that some participants will this, then the system should have the right to monitor them. Getting the applicants a job, the system will be able to monitor the pay for a year. This way if you continue to work plus receive assistance, the assistance can be cut if you are getting a steady paycheck. Once a steady paycheck is coming in, your assistance will be evaluated to determine if it will be terminated. If for some reason the job does not offer any type of medical assistance for you or your children, the system will continue to pay you the medical portion. If you stay at the job for two years in good standings and you receive a good income then you will be cut from the program. Once you have been released from the program if you lose your job due to anything beyond your control you may reapply for assistance until another job can be found for you. If you have lost the job and it was because you were not in good standings with the employer, then the system will make you reapply and the assistance you receive should be short term. They have already given you the skills needed to get a job so you shouldn’t be able to rely on the system again long term. Pushing them to find another job should be the systems main focus on getting them back into society and providing for their family. Some may say what happens at the end of two years? It is tempting to pretend that if we just invested adequate resources, two years of intensive education and job training could make every single mother education and job training could make every single mother economically self-sufficient. But while that will surely be true for some, it will never be true for all. Unless we want another round of welfare reform that fails, we need to be realistic about the options open to us. Contrary to what many politicians claim, the big obstacle to making single mothers economically self-sufficient is seldom the shortage of jobs. During recessions, of course, jobs are hard to find. When the economy is healthy, minimum-wage jobs are relatively easy to find. The problem is that a minimum-wage job will not make a single mother economically self-sufficient. There is endless controversy about how much money single mothers need to make ends meet. Absent fathers seem to imagine that these families can live on air. My proposal is the most likely effect of time limits is that they will reduce the receipt of welfare benefits among single parents. The loss of welfare income might improve outcomes for children and families by reducing the stigma of public assistance receipt. In a way, the U. S. welfare system actually makes poverty more attractive, perhaps even to those who would otherwise have been motivated to work and support themselves. Do not decrease their motivation to work rather, give them the opportunity to participate more productively in their society. The issue that comes with the WIC program and any other government program is why have it for people to abuse it? The program is in place to help those that need it the most. Unfortunately you have those that take advantage of the system as well as those who use the system to provide for their families. I have come to the realization that the programs should have limitations to it. As part of the working class, I feel that those on assistance should be given a time limit for being in the program. The system helps some, but those that take advantage should be punished.

Impact of Immigration on American Society Research Paper

Impact of Immigration on American Society - Research Paper Example The fear of the negative impact of immigration has led to passage of Acts. These acts restrict the inflow of immigrants to the main parts of America. Moreover, after Second World War, American soldiers married foreign women from 50 different countries. This paper will discuss the impact of the positive as well as negative impact of the immigration and the controversy revolving around the war brides of the American servicemen. Additionally in this paper, the negative impact of immigration will provide justification of the passage of Acts that intended to limit large scale immigration.1 Some level of immigration has been continuous throughout American history. There have been two epochal periods: the 1880 to 1924 Age of Mass Migration, primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe, and the Post 1965 Wave of Immigration, primarily from Latin America and Asia. In 21st century the impact of the immigration is relatively less than that in the 20th century with the American population reaching a total of 300 million. 2 Therefore, Acts were passed to limit the amount of foreigners intending to settle in America because of the fear that the Americans won’t conform to the typically â€Å"American way of life†. The first law that caused the prevention of Immigration was the Immigration Act of 1882. Congress passed a new Immigration Act that stated a 50 cents tax would be levied on all â€Å"aliens â€Å"landing at United States ports. It was an act in which the State Commission and officers were in charge of checking the passengers upon incoming vessels arriving in the U.S. The passengers were examined by a set of exclusionary criteria. Upon examination passengers who appeared to be convicts, lunatics, idiots or unable to take care of themselves were not permitted to land. The Immigration Act of 1891 was a revised version of the aforementioned Act and it declared that certain classes of individuals are considered unfit to become American citizens. 3 Moreover, the Immigration Act of 1917 excluded diseased people as well as prostitutes from immigrating to America. Also, the Immigration Act of 1924 set quotas that limited annual immigration from certain countries. â€Å"The 70 million immigrants who have arrived since the founding of the republic (are responsible for the majority of the contemporary American population (Gibson 1992: 165).† 3These Acts were passed because of the concern of the natives over immigrants polluting the American society or bringing negative sides of their heritage to America. In addition, in the years between 1942 and 1952, servicemen started the tradition of marrying women where they waged wars. In addition, 100000 war brides were British, 150,000 to 200,000 hailed from continental Europe, and another 16,000 came from Australia and New Zealand. There were brides from non-Allied countries, too. Military estimates indicate that 50,000 to 100,000 servicemen wed women from countries of the Far East, including Japan, and immigration records show that by 1950, 14,175 German brides of American servicemen had entered the United States. 4These statistics show the diversity with regards to the nationalities these brides belonged to. Interestingly so, foreign women were willing to marry these soldiers on the mere basis of their proximity, generosity and opportunity. British women, in particular saw the American soldiers as a breath of fresh air and the continental European pictured

Art history- Making study guides for a quiz Essay

Art history- Making study guides for a quiz - Essay Example By hiding the faces of his two protagonists, Courbet makes it difficult for the viewer to identify with them and their plight. He treats them as two facts in a painting emphasizing the appearance, texture, and weight of things, through the use of thickly applied paint (often laid down with a palette knife) that conveys the materiality of the physical world. Some writers view it as an expression of conservative fatalism akin to Millet’s BUT, Courbet’s friend the socialist philosopher Pierre-Paul Proudhon, in 1865, says its the first socialist picture ever painted and Courbet referred to it as a depiction of â€Å"injustice.† It shows the inside of a large, horse-drawn bus that transported Parisians along one of Haussmann’s new boulevards. Daumier places the viewer in the poor section of the bus, opposite a serene grandmother, her daughter, and her 2 grandchildren, whose intimacy and unity is contrasted to their physical and mental separation from the upper class passengers behind them. Frustration over the practices of the Salon jury reached its limit in 1863 when they rejected nearly 3,000 works. Napoleon III ordered their exhibition - the Salon des Refuses (â€Å"Salon of the Rejected Ones†). Le Dejeuner , scandalized contemporary viewers and established Manet as a radical artist, challenging academic conventions. Manet born in Paris, studied in early 1850s with Thomas Couture. By the early 1860s Manet committed to realism, due to his friend, Baudelaire, the poet call for - â€Å"the painter of the passing moment and all the suggestions of eternity that it contains.† Manet responded to Baudelaire’s call in, Le Dejeuner. Its frank declaration of modernity was offensive to the academic establishment and the average Salon-goer. Most disturbing was the â€Å"immorality† of Manet’s theme: a suburban picnic with a scantily clad bathing woman in the background and, in the foreground, a completely naked woman, seated alongside two fully

Management of ChangePrepare a report for the senior management of an Essay

Management of ChangePrepare a report for the senior management of an organisation of your choice identifying an agenda for a management of change programme - Essay Example The role of a leader and communication will be taken into account to reduce resistance to change and speed the process of change. Prescription for change High rates of its development, great volumes of currency receipts have an active influence on various sectors of economy that promotes formation of hotel industry. The most well known Hotel chains are Hilton, Radisson, Sheraton, Crowne Plaza, Holiday Inn and Ramada, Concord, and Ritz. The development of hotel industry is a current need. The history of development of various hotel corporations, as a rule, testifies, that the level of profit is a result of quality service. The main objective of hospitality operator is to maintain the level of service quality and develop strategies to improve their services. The organization under analysis is Hilton hotel chain. It should be noted that hotels and environments have a two-way reciprocal relationship. On the one hand, hotels are open to, and dependent upon, the social and physical environment that surrounds them. Hotels need financial resources and political legitimacy (a set of laws by which to operate) provided by outside institutions and governments (Hayes, Ninmeier, 2003). Customers are significant members of the environment. And knowledge and technology are also a part of the environment: they are produced by other actors in the environment and purchased by the organization as educated labor or as pure knowledge assets. Organizational environments change includes changing knowledge and technology, new values, new markets, and changes in the global distribution of wealth. Environmental change is a main cause of organizational failure. As environments change, they pose new problems for managers of organizations. New knowledge, for instance, can invalidate the existing knowledge of an entire hotel industry. When environments become turbulent, complex, and resource constrained, the knowledge and skills that Hilton hotels once possessed can become useless, and even a hindrance to change. Hilton hotels will acquire new knowledge and technology, and employ these assets in production quickly. From a Hilton management standpoint, technology is a major environmental factor that continually threatens existing arrangements. At times, technological changes occur so radically as to constitute a "technological discontinuity," a sharp break in industry practice that either enhances or destroys the competence of firms in an industry. Fast-changing technologies, such as information technology, pose a particular threat to organizations. To ensure customer satisfaction Hilton hotels should implement and develop new strategy based on Web services. It is not a unique and a new form of service (some hotel chains have already used this service, but still it is one of the most beneficial area for attracting a new customers). The idea of web-enabling Hilton hotels is to provide hotel management companies with the tools they need to compete more e effectively and to grow their businesses successfully. With the help of Internet Hilton hotels, known for its patchy supply chain and bungling circulation processes, will have the possibility to improve efficiency, inventory, audit control and to diminish infrastructure and operation costs by web-enabling their business online. Internet will support the hotel industry to be better equipped to handle business desires, paying attention to clients' needs, competitors and

What is good sex Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

What is good sex - Term Paper Example It fills their heart with love and most definitely proves one’s feelings towards another person. Experienced and skilled touch of a partner wouldn’t leave woman a reason to doubt whether she is important for him. Her soul struggles for love, and this desire may be satisfied only by passionate attention and inseparableness of the partner. As for men, most of them see in sex the opportunity to get rid of irritation. Sex allows them to reawaken their passion and affection to the woman. Still, it is widely spread that men cannot understand the main aim of their efforts: they consider female orgasm to be their main purpose and their victory (Henry, 1981). Warm and humid answer of her womb is exciting, electrifying and awakens the deepest fibers of man’s being. The gates of Paradise are opened, he got his way! Woman is satisfied, and it gives a man the reason to feel that she learned everything about his love and paid tribute to his efforts. That is why to get the physical pleasure you need to have a contact with your partners body as much as you want and need, though sometimes it may seem to be the wrong place or intensity or you may think that your partner dont need it. Sometimes we cannot explain our needs and desires to a partner because of the elementary confusion. We are afraid of offending a partner or seeming to be dissolute perverts. Hence the lack of moral satisfaction comes: if we cannot talk to the partner about how we would like to make our sex, we feel offended and receive less pleasure. Gradually, this feeling is being collected and poured into a quarrel, and we (as well as our partner) may be even not aware and conscious about what was the real cause of such misunderstanding (Philpott, 2006). Kiss is one of the key components of sexuality and makes the sex be really good. It is difficult to imagine sexual game without kissing; the touch of the lips often gives a lot more emotions than sex itself. It is considered, that

Professional Journal Article Review 01 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Professional Journal Review 01 - Article Example In addition, there are a number of things to be considered in leadership. Notably, these variables are a must study when it comes to leadership. First and foremost there is a leader, who is the person influencing the other people and hence gives instructions to be followed for a better achievement of goals. Consequently, there is the members, who are the subjects given the instructions by the leader and they are expected to follow. Also, there are goals to be met by the members and the leader. In fact, there are very many lessons that can be drawn from this piece because leadership is something that applies to our daily lives. Therefore, in leadership both the leader and the members must be ready to work hand in hand. This article highlights the actual meaning of planning and the need to plan. Consequently, it gives the types of planning techniques and the merits and demerits of each technique. Also, it gives suggestions on the best planning technique to use in management. Therefore, planning is the act of determining what is to be done first and what is to be done later. Subsequently, the need to plan is to ensure that everything runs smoothly in ascending order of urgency. However there are a number of characteristics of planning which includes planning is a mental activity and goal oriented. The two journals talks of crucial matters to be considered in business studies since one cannot run a business or be a manager without the leadership skills. Nevertheless, one cannot be effective in business without the proper planning. All these must be taught in business

Role of Remittances in Financial Market Development in The Countries Thesis Proposal

Role of Remittances in Financial Market Development in The Countries of The Gulf Cooperation Council - Thesis Proposal Example ess has been undertaken by the GCC countries and whether consistent and increased remittances outflow from these countries effectively contribute towards the financial development of the region. More specifically, this research aims to achieve following objectives: 1. To evaluate the overall process of financial market development in the GCC region. 2. Dependence of financial market development process on oil & other resources 3. Dependence of financial market development on the remittances. 4. How remittances can improve the financial development process within the region. The overall objective therefore is to comprehensively understand the process of financial market development, how oil resources are supporting it and what role remittances can play to strengthen and quicken the process of financial development within the region. This research study will also undertake a systematic historical review of the financial market development process also. Literature Review This literature review is divided into three parts i.e. first part will discuss the relationship between financial markets and economic growth, second part will explore the relationships between financial market development and remittances and finally a review of financial market development process in GCC will be discussed. Most of the existing literature on the topic is focused upon understanding the impact of remittances on the recipient countries however; very little emphasis has been placed on the impact on the host countries. Though literature have comprehensively covered the impact of immigrants on the host countries macroeconomic environment however, how the immigrant remittances are going to affect the macro-economy as well as financial market development still need to be explored in systematic... This research will focus upon exploring and understanding the link between remittances and financial market development in GCC region. Research studies suggest that the remittances can have an impact on the development of financial markets of host countries. Specifically, remittances can result into increase in competitiveness as well as reduction in the transaction costs for the consumers. By assisting institutions to become competitive by facilitating remitters through innovative product design and low costs, financial institutions can actually improve their own efficiency and develop in more sophisticated manner. With the introduction of technology, cost of sending remittances has reduced thus providing incentives to the remitters to use formal channels for the purpose of remitting money. GCC region is an oil rich region and its financial market development is necessary for its development and growth in long run. It is making development towards strengthening its financial markets by implementing common currency, monetary union as well as integration of its stock exchanges. Recently, remittances have formed one of the significant portions of the international capital flows. Financial liberalization has resulted into better capital flows with expat easily sending funds to their home countries. It is critical to understand that for developing countries especially remittances form a significant part of the international capital flows and is also one of the most important sources of foreign exchange for developing countries.

Impacts of Globalization on Development Notions Essay

Impacts of Globalization on Development Notions - Essay Example Globalization enhances the prosperity of the economies and leads to efficient resource allocation. Prosperous economies and proper allocation of resources result in increased employment opportunities, high outputs, lowered prices of goods, and high standards of living. Due to increased trade, direct foreign investments, flexibility of countries to operate across borders, and enhanced communications, there is an easy access to information, and easier delivery of goods and services. Realizing this situation, the people in various countries get fast access to goods and services saving time and concentrating to develop their economies. When more investors come to an area, the people get employment opportunities leading to increased income thus boosts their living standards. Similarly, better access to information allows the people to realize the global market price of goods and services to avoid unnecessary expenses. However, critics of globalization emphasize that the concept fosters of fshoring and outsourcing, which leads to the destruction of the manufacturing sector of the developing nations. Globalization stimulates reforms in institutions and supports financial developments. The conception of economic globalization in relation to capital accounts and trade elevates the quality of the financial institutions. Further, these institutions create and uphold robust property rights, better financial guidelines, and sound legal systems that are critical in the promotion of financial development.

How does modern technology affect socialization for worse Annotated Bibliography

How does modern technology affect socialization for worse - Annotated Bibliography Example This article is from the center for educational research and innovation looking for the impact that technology has in the society. The aim is to establish the attributes that affect the young learners based on the introduction of technology in schools. It understands that the best way of dealing with such attributes is by understanding that the policies in the educational sector require updating to keep students in the right frame of mind when dealing with schoolwork. This article is crucial in establishing whether the introduction of technology in school impacts kids negatively and how policies could assist in making the society better. The changes are examined while the emerging responses will be weighed to check on the impact this has on the society as a whole. The article approaches the aspect of technology evolution from both a positive and negative direction. The aim is to examine the main attributes that redefine the growing need for an understanding of the impact that technology has in the society. Many people assume that the innovations are all good, yet the demerits warrant some examination to shield the children from missing the benefits of socialization. The article will be a good addition to the topic of discussion because it will open up the need to examine what innovations do to the society and how the increasing need to compile this in the digital dictionaries is affecting the way children converse. It is becoming a common practice to find children using short codes such as lol for laughing out loud, and this can affect their conversations in the future or determine the new way they socialize. The author notes that the inclusion of technology in learning has been a viable and inexpensive solution to many of the developed countries. This means that more schools are adapting these mechanisms in their

Gender Identity Essay Example for Free

Gender Identity Essay There are many factors that can determine gender identity. There is continuous research comparing the affect of both biology and environment on gender identity. Gender identity is almost always chromosomal sex although that isnt enough to rule out the affect of environment. Intersexuals are rare individuals who posses the typical external genitalia while possessing ambiguous sexual organs of the other sex. There are also hermaphrodites who possess both testicular and ovarian tissue. These two factors that determine gender identity are caused by hormonal factors in prenatal development. Hermaphrodites usually assume the gender identity of the sex assignment at birth. A sex assignment is the process of determining the sex of a child at birth. Intersexualism has given scientists a chance to compare environment and biology. Intersexualism means a person possesses a whole, either male or female reproductive organs. They also possess internal or external tissue of the other sex. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia is a form of intersexualism in which a genetic female has internal female sexual structures but masculinized external genitals. Androgen-insensitivity syndrome is a form of intersexualism in which a genetic male is prenatally insensitive to androgens such that his genitals are not normally masculinized. Dominican Republic Syndrome is a form intersexualism in which a genetic enzyme disorder prevents testosterone from masculinizing the external genitalia. CAH is caused by exposure to androgens which are produced naturally through adrenal or mothers may have received synthetic androgens to prevent miscarriage in women who have a family history of miscarriages. Research has been done on CAH and results have shown that girls with CAH act more like a boy. They are more interested in masculine toys such as trucks while girls without are more interested in playing with dolls. Girls with CAH show more aggression in play and tend to have more male friends while girls without CAH play with other girls. There are many kinds of androgen-insensitivity syndrome. One involves a male having a sensitivity to prenatal androgen due to a mutated gene. At birth, their genitals are feminized and can even include a small vagina. This insensitivity causes male internal reproductive organs to remain undevelo ped. Girls can have partial androgen-insensitivity syndrome or complete androgen-insensitivity syndrome. Girls with CAIS develop typical genital external organs but their internal reproductive organs to  not function properly. Girls with PAIS are usually raised as boys but sometimes as girls. Research results show that women with PAIS have no difference in gender identity in comparison to women without although they are born with external masculinized genitalia. Three things that have effected the gender identity of my own are very simple and generic. Of course, I have external male genitalia which in turn makes the perception I have of myself lean more towards being a man. I was raised by mom and only my mom so being the man of the house was always being presented to me because I was also an only child. This masculinized my attitude overall and gave me an alpha male self-esteem at an early age. I played a lot of sports which exposed me to aggressive play and taught me how to play hard. One of my reasons is backed by biology and the other two are backed by environment. This doesnt mean that environment has a larger affect on gender identity but it is the direction I chose to go when analyzing my own factors of determining my gender identity. In conclusion, there is still no real answer when the question is asked: nature or nurture? Gender identity is largely influenced by biology and prenatal androgens but parenting and encouraging by a primary caregiver can influence gender identity greatly. Many factors can determine gender identity and prenatal conditions can cause internal and external differences in genitalia which will affect both sex assignment and gender identity.

Fundamental Principle of Arbitration Essay Example for Free

Fundamental Principle of Arbitration Essay In other word, arbitration is the outcome of a private agreement between parties to settle their disputes from the courts, and submit it to the decision of a private tribunal. If the principle of privacy is breached, the arbitration will be effected. The second principle is confidentiality. It is when that all takes place at arbitration is confidential. Either party or tribunal cannot disclose to third person without the consent of the other except for the purpose of the proper conduct of the arbitration. However, there is a question regarding to these two principles which is whether privacy automatically results in confidentiality or does it automatically demand confidentiality. There are two main areas of confidentiality which are confidentiality prior to award and confidentiality after award. According to English law, there are two opinions regarding with this issue. First, if it was absence of an express term in an arbitration clause providing for confidentiality, the presumption of confidentiality will applies. Second, the general duty of confidentiality cannot be implied in a silent clause for arbitration in an agreement. However, this opinion has been criticized since it is a break with the general principle of confidentiality. In Malaysia, there is no doubt that privacy and confidentiality are regarded as essential features for the parties to the arbitration. An arbitrator in breach of the confidentiality requirements would be exposed to misconduct proceedings. Finally, the duty of confidentiality is not absolute and was subject to limited qualifications or exceptions such as consent, compulsion of law, disclosure by leave of the court or disclosure necessary for the purpose necessary of protecting the interest of an arbitrating party.

Concepts of Peace

Concepts of Peace Peace: A Theoretical Framework Miss Ritamoni Gogoi (Abstract: The study of peace has got immense significance in the various literature of political science. But there is no commonality in such understanding due to diversity of the political context where peace is defined and perspective adopted to define peace. This paper attempts to have a theoretical understanding of peace by taking into account various nuances. Besides, an attempt has been made to give a historical trajectory of the understanding of peace. Key Word: Peace) There are various definitions of peace depending on the context of its conceptualization and perspective adopted to define it. It is essential to take into the account the socio political context to have proper understanding of the concept of peace. According to Fedenico Mayor, former director general of the UNESCO, â€Å"Instead of absence of war, it (peace) is increasingly seen as a dynamic, participative, long term process, based on universal values and everyday practice, at all levels the family the school, the community as well as the nation†(Serto, 2003). According to Jawaharlal Nehru, â€Å"Peace is not a relationship of nations. It is a condition of mind brought about by the serenity of soul. Peace is not merely the absence of war. It is also a state of mind lasting peace can come only through peaceful people†(Dutta and Bhuyan, 2008, p 15). British playwright Dorothy L Sayers said, â€Å"Never thinks wars are irrational catastrophes; they happen when wrong ways of thinking and living bring about intolerable situations†(L.Dorothy, 1947). According to Dr. Frank Buchman â€Å"peace is not just a beautiful idea. It means people becoming radically different. The thinking here is futuristic and there is scope for everyone to hang† (Buchman, 1947). Thus, the above definitions of peace signify the meaning of peace as freedom from disturbance, absence of tension and presence of quietness, calmness, tranquility, justice and brotherhood. Peace can come only through peaceful people. Peace is not just a beautiful idea; it is dynamic and long term process based on universal values. It can be practiced every day, at all levels of our life. According to Kanti Bajpai, the concept of peace can be defined on the basis of another three different perspectives. â€Å"Firstly, peace as the mere absence of war, that is a hegemonic of deterrent peace, secondly peace as functional and economic interaction, what could be called a transactional peace and peace as a social condition in which accommodation rather than force mediate change†(Samaddar, 2004, 38-53). The meaning of peace varied in differed period in history. For example â€Å"The Roman poet Tacitus spoke of making a desert and calling it ‘peace’ an unwanted place of sterility and emptiness. Similarly, although everyone desires â€Å"peace of mind†, the temporary â€Å"peace† that comes from drug based with drawl from social reality, the peacefulness of sleep, or the undesired â€Å"peace of a coma or even of death may not seen so desirable† (Barash and Webel, 2002, p 4). The concept of peace in eastern world claims that â€Å"peace may be the most longed for human condition. The Chinese philosopher Lao-tzu founder of Taoism and author of Tao De Ching, emphasized that military force is not the ‘Tao or way for human being to follow† (Ibid. p4). His conception of peace denotes that peace is not an ultimate human goal and social harmony cannot bring peace. Instead of this type of views, he valued obedience and order as virtues of peace. Gandhi’s vision of peace is different from other thinkers in many aspects. According to Gandhi, peace implies a state of positive and constructive world order where every individual live in co-operation and mutual aid. Peace is a cementing force for the society and the world. Gandhi viewed that truth is more important than peace and peace can be achieved only through truthful means. His vision of peace is based on his philosophy of life that is mutual good will and friendship among all the people. Now, we hear or read so much about peace and peace are being developed on global scales under the banner of peace keeping operations of the countries. The current wars, violence and conflict situation of the world force us to offer alternative thinking about peace. Today peace is used as a defense of certain security plans and rationalities. In this context we can refers to peace as a social justice mainly concerned with resolving the problem of poverty, unequal access to resources etc. Peace is governed by global rationalities of security that is consistent with particular kind of peace efforts such as â€Å"global peace programmes, institutional capacity training plans, information sharing and environmental sustainability schemes. This kind of peace efforts has inscribed as the future focused character of international peace program and initiatives† (IIcan and Philips, 2006, 59-60). The concept of peace is not merely stands as opposition to warfare or violent conflict; it is a metaphor for security and used to act on the security of a group or population. Thus the concept of peace is governed by various rationalities of security. At present there are mainly two types of interpretation of the meaning of peace-negative peace and positive peace. Negative peace is described as an absence of manifest violence such as war which could be realized through negotiation or mediation rather than resorting to the physical force. Negative peace simply denotes a condition in which no active organized military violence can take place. The term positive peace was invented in the mid- 1960s by John Galtung, a Norwegian peace researcher. The concept of positive peace is based on a broader understanding of social condition which implies presence of certain number of essential factors in the society. This means making available of those conditions of peace which are necessary for living a peaceful life. In the positive connotation of peace, peace is more than the absence of violence; it is the presence of social justice through equal opportunity and fair distribution of power and resources, equal protection and impartial enforcement of law. The negative conception of peace addresses the immediate symptoms conditions of war and the use and effects of force and weapon, while positive peace involves the elimination of the root causes of war, violence and injustice. It also involves, conscious efforts to build a society reflecting these commitments. On the other hand negative peace is consistent with structural violence. I n last few years, the meaning of violence is changed and new meanings arise. This new focus of violence is structural violence. Structural violence implies those injuries or exploitative characters which are inbuilt in the structure itself. It generally refers to societal structure, i.e., structure of society, structure of a society may be oppressive and exploitative and also a source of violence. Structural violence is more significant because it happens in a continuous manner. Thus structural violence is a serious form of social oppression. Positive peace signifies removal of such structural violence. Thus negative concept of peace is different from positive conception of peace. While the negative peace denotes narrow understanding of peace, positive concept of peace is a broader understanding of peace. Although, there is difference between negative peace and positive peace, both imply the striving for structural stability (Barash and Webel, 2002, 6-7). In the present context, more than the state some other actors and process are seen to be actively involved in the process of peace making. For instance, number of international organizations are today playing very significant role in the peace making process. With the means of global flows of capital, images, ideas and practices of governance; the sources of authority on peace have expanded from nation-state to international organization and institutes such as: Amnesty international govern peace, Oxfam International, the International institute of peace education, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNESCO. In an effort to promote peace â€Å"the United Nation, Agenda for peace, initiated in 1992 under the former UN secretary General Butros Ghali, ex-compassed diverse peace initiatives that attempted to shape actions, processes and outcome in specific direction by linking peace developm ent and democracy†( IIcan and Philips, 2006, 59-60). Similarly we can mention the UNESCO’s peace effort, which is implemented to promote education for peace, human rights, democracy, international understanding and tolerance. In 1945, UNESCO adopted its own constitution where it stated its purposes. The basic purpose of the organization is to contribute to peace and security by promoting collaboration among the nations through education, science and culture. UNESCO’s culture of peace program grows a ‘global movement of peace when it introduced their proposal for an international Decade for a culture of peace in 2000. The current peace programme of UNESCO reflects a new era of cultural engineering in the name of peace and security. The basic intention of UNESCO’s culture of peace program was to building of international peace through â€Å"global effort†. Thus culture of peace implies a global effort to change people thinking and action towards peace. Finally it can be argued that UNESCO culture of peac e initiative mobilize the global population into the new mentalities of peace and security through an emphasis on investing in democratic institution by training children as the future peaceful generation and facilitating women’s involvement in peace proportion (ibid., 59-60). At present stage of human development, a wide variety of doctrines and organization expose various ways of achieving peace. In this context, peace movement is considered as source of popular opposition to war and to militarism as they are more traditionally identified (Goldstain, 2005, 261). â€Å"In addition to mass destruction, common tactics of peace movement include getting antiwar movements into the media, participating in civil disobedience and occasionally organizing consumer boycott†(ibid., 261). Peace movements participate in election and lobbying like other interest groups. It also includes the draft government buildings, taxes, and nuclear test sites and tries to educate the public by spreading information about a war or arms peace. As peace process evolve, a wide variety of documents are produced that can be termed ‘peace agreement’. Though there is no agreed definition of the term ‘peace agreement’, we use the term to signify the formal agreement aimed at ending violent conflict. The agreement provides space for civil society involvement in the implementation of a specific peace agreement. The terms of the agreements sometimes used variously which protect and develop the civil society’s role in the provision of humanitarian relief. â€Å"In some agreement, the focus is on ensuring physical protection of humanitarian relief operations, rather than establishing new forms of civil involvement in such operation in Sierra Leone, the 1999 ceasefire agreement(s) guaranteed safe and unhindered accuse to humanitarian organization†(Bell and Rourke, 2007, 375-376).† The role of civil society in some peace agreement chiefly associated with the human right monitoring. Peace agr eement can provide the civil society organization to monitor or strengthen human rights. The new human rights commission of Liberia was result of comprehensive peace agreement signed in 2003. Thus, the involvement of civil society in the peace agreement mainly provides humanitarian assistance. As a civic organization it can undermine the intended role of civil society as peace promoting (Bell, 2006, 375-376). The peace agreement can usefully be classified into three main types which tend to emerge at different stage of a conflict: renegotiation agreement, Framework/ substantive agreement and Implementation/ Renegotiation agreement (Ibid., 376). The pre negotiation stages of peace process are designed to resolve the fundamental issues in the conflict often termed ‘talk about talk’. â€Å"The pre negotiation stage tends to focus on who is going to negotiate and with what status, raising issues such as the return of negotiations from eviler or their release from prison, safeguards as to future physical integrity and freedom from imprisonment and limits on how the war may be waged while negotiation takes place† (Ibid.,376). Substantive or framework agreement begins to provide a framework to address the major causes of conflict. It aimed at sustaining cease fire to stop the violence more permanently. Substantive agreement are linking with new constitutional structure for addressing governance, elections and legal and human rights institution to end military violence. And lastly implementation agreement develops aspect of the framework to bring new negotiation and include all the parties to the framework of agreement. In case of uneven or nonexistent implementation, implemented agreement can effectively involve renegotiation and new agreement. Notably it is important that the pre negotiation, implementation agreement, substantive/ framework agreement constitute peace agreement per excellence (Ibid., 376). The above discussion suggests that today it is paramount important to redefine the peace not merely as the absence of violent conflict but as the positive and creative process of building sustainable societies. Peace and development are two sides of the same coin. When there is peace development can move much foster. Thus there is need of peace in the society for the overall socio-economic development of the society. During the last few years, there has been a lot of talking and discussion on peace and to demands from various quarters to bring peace into the state. But the history of peace studies proves that although most people claim to be in favour of peace, the natural preference and interest for peace have been negligible. The majority seems to be most interested in war. â€Å"At present all too many people find peace boring, and war exciting. When war is mentioned on the daily newscasts, people pick up their cars, when peace is mentioned people are more likely yawn† (Barash and Webel,2002, 29). It is also found that the struggle from peace is much more difficult than challenge of war. It is ultimately a question of establishing justice rather than resolving conflict. â€Å"Thus there is need to prepare for taking peace as peace, for approaching it from the window of civil society culture, identities and differences (Dutta Hazarika, 2012, 12). The need of the peace in the multi cultu ral society like India is immense as it is essential for a just society that provides justifiable rights to all segments of the society. References: Barash David P and Charles P Webel, (Edit), 2002, Peace and Conflict Studies, New Delhi: Sage Publication. Bell Christine, Catherine O Rourke, 2007, The Peoples Peace? Peace agreements civil society and participatory democracy in International Political Science Review, Vol.28, No.3, pp. 375-76. Bell, Christine, 2006, Peace Agreement: Their Nature and Legal Status in American Journal of International Law, Vol.100, No.2, pp.375-76. Buchman, Frank, 1947, Remarking the world, London: Glanford Press. Dutta Anuradha and Ranta Bhuyan, (Edit) 2008, Genesis of Conflict and peace: Understanding Northeast India (Vol 1), New Delhi: Akansha Publishing House, p 15. Dutta Hazarika, Sujata (Edit), 2008, Peace in Dialogue: Universals and specific reflection of North East India, New Delhi: Akansha Publishing House. Goldstain, Joshua S, 2005, International Relation, New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt Limited. IIcan Suzan and Lynne Philips, 2006, Governing Peace: Global Rationalities of Security and UNESCO’s Culture of Peace Campaign, Anthropologica, Vol.48, No.1, pp.59-60. L. Dorothy Sayers, 1947, Creed or Chaos, London:Methuen. Leban Serto, 2003, Peace Education Nagaland Baptitst Church Council (NBCC), Seminar Paper. Ranabir, Samaddar (Edit), 2004, Peace Studies: An introduction to the Concept, Scope and Theses (Vol 1), New Delhi: Sage Publication, pp.38-53.

Online Newspaper Vs. Print Version -- essays research papers

The contents of the Southeast Missourian online paper may seem so much more fitting with this day and age, but the traditional newsprint edition still offers their subscribers a lot more information. The print version organizes the newspaper with pictures from various sections located at the top, side, and bottom in order to draw the reader in to the articles and advertisements. The online version is very to the point in its content in the fact that the Southeast Missourian does not have to sell the online version to the public or subscribers, this is seen online with minimal advertisements that deal directly with the surrounding area . With the unappealing online version having only a basic structure to the inner contents along with two pictures, and a lead story, it seems more like a quick reference of news for the person that doesn’t have time to sit back and browse the newsprint edition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Web version displayed a different story from the printed newspaper. Another aspect of the online edition that didn’t appeal to me was the format of the articles. The articles were broken up into lengthy segmented paragraphs; this gets very tedious by having to scroll down the screen to read. Although the contexts of the articles are the same, the newsprint edition is more appealing in the sense that each article has at least one or more pictures relating specifically to it, this helps with the interpretation by referring back to the pictures surrounding...

Formation of the Trophectoderm Lineage Essay -- Anatomy, Cell Division

‘Formation of the trophectoderm lineage. The first cell fate decision in mammalian development’. The crucial outcome of the early mammalian development is the attachment of the embryo to the uterine lining. The cell population that will support this attachment, the trophectoderm (TE), is distinguished from the inner cell mass (ICM) at the blastocyst stage and this separation represents the earliest lineage restriction. Up to the 8-cell stage, the embryo is characterized by a loose structure, but then compaction follows, a phenomenon mediated by increased cell-cell adhesion (tight junctions, increased E-cadherin expression). Acquisition of a microvillus apical membrane domain, polarization of the cytoplasm and reorganization of cytoskeleton elements establish apicobasal polarity while blastomeres become flattened. (Gilbert, Fleming et al., 2001). Still at this stage, all cells maintain communication with their environment, but after sequential divisions they either take an inner or outer position in the late morula. By 32-cell stage, the blastocoel cavity is formed surrounded by the TE that will give rise to extraembryonic tissues (extraembryonic ectoderm and the trophoblast). Attached to one side of the TE epithelium, the ICM will form the embryo proper and nontrophoblast extraembryonic tissues. The molecular mechanisms behind this first differentiation event remain elusive. Clarification of these mechanisms will contribute to our understanding of early mammalian development and will support the field of stem cell biology and induced pluripotency. Conservative versus differantiative cell divisions. After the compacted morula, the embryo undergoes two rounds of cleavage, during which the two cell populations become gr... ...(Cdx2, Eomes, Fgfr2) were re-expressed after the introduction of exogenous Sox2. Therefore, Sox2 was suggested as an early player in the introduction of the TE lineage, but interactions with the other transcriptional regulators as well as actual contribution or not of maternal Sox2 mRNA still need to be illuminated. From all the above, it is understood that the transcriptional network regulating the first cell fate decision is complicated and yet not clearly defined. Recent evidence supports a dual role of Klf5 in lineage specification (Fig 4). Upregulation of Klf5 is critical for TE development (upstream of Cdx2 and in parallel to Fgf signal), whereas low levels of Klf5 are needed to maintain the expression of Oct4 and Nanog in the ICM. Still, the exact mechanism and the interactions with other members of the network need to be examined (Lin., et al., 2010).

Chaucers The Canterbury Tales Essay -- Chaucer Canterbury Tales Essay

Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales While the majority of literary classics today do well at engaging the reader and allowing them a vicarious understanding of a fictitious character’s life, Chaucer found a way to engage more than just the reader and the character. In his Canterbury Tales, Chaucer masterfully links together himself as the author, himself as a character in the story, the other characters, and then finally the readers. Chaucer’s â€Å"narrative flow† forms a type of giant sphere, where connections can be made from both characters and real people to characters connecting with other characters. Starting with Chaucer-the man, it is apparent that he is looking at his characters, the pilgrims on their journey. As he is writing their stories and descriptions, Chaucer is creating them to emulate people he has found in real life. Chaucer watches his own created characters to see how they react and therefore expresses his personal views of certain classes of people. Chaucer-the man also sees Chaucer-the pilgrim. Like his created pilgrims in the story, Chaucer has found a way to put ...

A Natural-Resource-Based View of the Firm

There has been an active debate among management scholars concerning the relative importance of internal firm capabilities (e.g., Galbraith & Kazanjian, 1986; Peters & Waterman, 1982; Prahalad & Hamel, 1990) versus environmental factors (e.g., Hannan & Freeman, 1977; Pfeffer & Salancik, 1978: Porter, 1980, 1990) to sustained competitive advantage. Evidence suggests, however, that both internal and external factors are crucial to competitive success (Fiegenbaum, Hart, & Schendel, In press; Hansen & Wernerfelt, 1989).In fact, many recent contributions attempt an integration of the internal and external perspectives under the banner of the â€Å"resource-based† view of the firm (e.g., Barney, 1991; Wernerfelt, 1984). Resource-based theory takes the perspective that valuable, costly-to-copy firm resources and capabilities provide the key sources of sustainable competitive advantage.Without question, the resource-based view has generated a productive dialogue among previously isola ted perspectives (Conner, 1991). However, this theory (like its more limited internal and external predecessors) still contains one serious omission: It systematically ignores the constraints imposed by the biophysical (natural) environment (e.g., Brown, Kane, & Roodman, 1994: Meadows, Meadows, & Randers, 1992).Historically, management theory has used a narrow and parochial concept of environment that emphasizes political, economic, social, and technological aspects to the virtual exclusion of the natural environment (Shrivastava, 1994; Shrivastava. & Hart, 1992: Stead & Stead, 1992).Given the growing magnitude of ecological problems, however, this omission has rendered existing theory inadequate as a basis for identifying important emerging sources of competitive advantage. The goal of this article is, therefore, to insert the natural environment into the resource-based view–to develop a natural-resource-based view of the firm.Accordingly, the first section of the paper revi ews resource-based theory, highlighting the relationships among firm resources, capabilities, and sources of competitive advantage. Next, I discuss the driving forces behind the natural-resource-based view–the growing scale and scope of human activity and its potential for irreversible environmental damage on a global scale.The natural-resource-based view is then developed with the connection between the environmental challenge and firm resources operationalized through three interconnected strategic capabilities: pollution prevention, product-stewardship, and sustainable development. Propositions are then developed connecting these strategies to key resource requirements and sustained competitive advantage. The article closes with suggestions for a future research agenda.THE RESOURCE-BASED VIEWResearchers in the field of strategic management have long understood that competitive advantage depends upon the match between distinctive internal (organizational) capabilities and c hanging external (environmental) circumstances (Andrews, 1971; Chandler, 1962: Hofer & Schendel, 1978; Penrose, 1959).However, it has only been during the past decade that a bona: fide theory, known as the resource-based view of the firm, has emerged, articulating the relationships among firm resources, capabilities, and competitive advantage. Figure 1 provides a graphical summary of these relationships and some of the key authors associated with the core ideas.The concept of competitive advantage has been treated extensively in the management literature. Porter (1980, 1985) thoroughly developed the concepts of cost leadership and differentiation relative to competitors as two important sources of competitive advantage: a low-cost position enables n firm to use aggressive pricing and high sales volume, whereas a differentiated product creates brand loyalty and positive reputation, facilitating premium pricing.Decisions concerning timing (e.g., moving early versus late) and commitmen t level(e.g., entering on a large scale versus more incrementally) also are crucial in securing competitive advantage (Ghemawat, 1986: Lieberman & Montgomery, 1988).If a firm makes an early move or a large-scale move, it is sometimes possible to preempt competitors by setting new standards or gaining preferred access to critical raw materials, locations, production capacity, or customers.Preemptive commitments thus enable firms to gain a strong focus and dominate a particular niche, either through lower costs, differentiated products, or both(Ghemawat, 1986; Porter, 1980). Finally, Hamel and Prahalad(1989, 1994) have emphasized the importance of â€Å"competing for the future† as a neglected dimension of competitive advantage.According to this view, the firm must be concerned not only with profitability in the present and growth in the medium term, but also with its future position and source of competitive advantage. This view requires explicit strategizing about how the fir m will compete when its current strategy configuration is either copied or made obsolete.The connection between firms' capabilities and competitive advantage also has been well established in literature. Andrews (1971) and, later, Hofer and Schendel (1978) and Snow and Hrebiniak (1980) noted the centrality of â€Å"distinctive competencies† to competitive success.More recently, Prahalad and Hamel (1990) and Ulrich and Lake (1991) reemphasized the strategic importance of identifying, managing, and leveraging â€Å"core competencies† rather than focusing only on products and markets in business planning.The resource-based view takes this thinking one step further: It posits that competitive advantage can be sustained only if the capabilities creating the advantage are supported by resources that are not easily duplicated by competitors. In other words, firms' resources must raise â€Å"barriers to imitation† (Rumelt, 1984).Thus, resources are the basic units of an alysis and include physical and financial assets as well as employees' skills and organizational (social) processes. A firm's capabilities result from bundles of resources being brought to bear on particular value-added tasks (e.g., design for manufacturing, just-in-time production).Although the terminology has varied(Peteraf, 1993), there appears to be general agreement in the management literature about the resource characteristics that contribute to a firm's sustained competitive advantage.At the most basic level, such resources must be valuable (i.e., rent producing) and nonsubstitutable (Barney, 1991: Dierickx & Cool, 1989). In other words, for a resource to have enduring value, it must contribute to a firm capability that has competitive significance and is not easily accomplished through alternative means. Next, strategically important resources must be rare and/or specific to a given firm (Barney, 1991; Reed & DeFillippi, 1990).That is, they must not be widely distributed wi thin an industry and/or must be closely identified with a given organization, making them difficult to transfer or trade (e.g., a brand image or an exclusive supply arrangement). Although physical and financial resources may produce a temporary advantage for a firm, they often can be readily acquired on factor markets by competitors or new entrants. Conversely, a unique path through history may enable a firm to obtain unusual and valuable resources that cannot be easily acquired by competitors (Barney, 1991).Finally, and perhaps most important, such resources must be difficult to replicate because they are either tacit (causally ambiguous) or socially complex (Teece, 1987; Winter, 1987).Tacit resources are skill based and people intensive. Such resources are â€Å"invisible† assets based upon learning-by-doing that are accumulated through experience and refined by practice (Itami, 1987; Polanyi, 1962). Socially complex resources depend upon large numbers of people or teams en gaged in coordinated action such that few individuals, if any, have sufficient breadth of knowledge to grasp the overall phenomenon (Barney, 1991; Reed & DeFillippi, 1990).The strategic significance of firms' resources and capabilities has been heightened by recent observations that companies that are better able to understand, nurture, and leverage core competencies outperform those that are preoccupied with more conventional approaches to strategic business planning (Prahalad & Hamel, 1990).However, a firm's commitment to the existing competency base also may make it difficult to acquire new resources or capabilities. Put another way, the resource-based view may lead to an organization that is like the proverbial â€Å"child with a hammer†- everything starts looking like a nail. Technological discontinuities or shifts in external circumstances may render existing competencies obsolete or. at a minimum, invite the rapid development of new resources (Tushman & Anderson, 1986) .Under such circumstances, core competencies might become â€Å"core rigidities† (Leonard-Barton, 1992). In this article, I argue that one of the most important drivers of new resource and capability development for firms will be the constraints and challenges posed by the natural (biophysical) environment.

Daewoo General Motors International Case Essay

Q 1. What atomic number 18 the returnss and disadvantages of a hands-off, de centralize management approach?Advantages of decentralizationDecentralization will non run low unless you really delegate both(prenominal) province and authority. This means that the final stopping points moldiness be do at that reject level. You beneficial cant beat a decentralized system. It gets decisions closest to the level where the follow up really is. And it really does something for people. The executives are flat basically running stemma of their own. The high societyhas corroborate their authority by making it precise clear it will non permit people dissatisfied with their decisions jump all over to the home office office. Finally, getting the decision-making out of the home office creates something standardised a family quality in the outlying location. People t pipher begin to depend on separately other.Disadvantages of DecentralizationThis means that the final decisions must be made at that lower level. Two things stand in the way of this working. One isthat the people who now devote the authority may not permit go of it. The other is that the people at lower levels may not penury to accept it. One of the problems, which decentralization aims to solve, is that the foreland executive never has enough speckle to entail about the major problems impact the future of the operation.Q2. How Can Daewoo Stay private-enterprise(a) with the Nipponese ?Auto industry is big to maturation countries is this intensive linkage. Most of developing countries selected car industry as ane of the prime elements for launching industrialization in the country. An independent auto maker and to be ball-shaped top ten as in Daewoos long orbit plan, with 3.5 million production in internal (3.0 million) as healthful as in overseas plants (2.5 million) could not achieved without the triumph of world(prenominal)ization.The leadership in national market migh t be some other important factor. Korean auto makers including Daewoo has tomeet the scraps from the Japanese auto industry in domestic market from the beginning 2012. The severecompetition in man auto industry induces the forecasting that al unneurotic orbicular top ten auto makers could survive in near future. We drive more time to see whether or not Daewoo could meet the success the globalization and how Korean automaker, Daewoo could getover the manifolds challenges to be a global auto maker & key to success is the policy of Globalization.Q.3 . What were some of the controllable and unwieldy factors in this case? How should Mr. Kim have responded to those factors?governable factorsKim deserves the most credit for the conglomerate initial success and responsibility for its ultimate failure Despite Daewoos initial achievements, the monetary crisis fully exposed the weakness of its voiceless governancestructure. The concentration in decision-making power turn out fatal wh en the conglomerate faced a crisis and Kims business acumen, ethics and principles faltered. move to its roots, Kim viewed the crisis as an opportunity for Daewoo to expand, not retrench, by acquiring distressed companies and turning them around. Kims autocratic control further centralized and decision-making suffered as a result of a generation change of his closest advisors. Kim had personally recruited many another(prenominal) of these senior executives and they had grown together with the conglomerate expansion Until the mid-1990s, the key executives that skirt Kim consisted of those that had been with him since Daewoos establishment.Uncontrollable factorsThe representative directors, boards of directors and statutory auditors of Korean conglomerates failed to fulfill their role as fiduciaries working on behalf of the interests of stockholders at large. They did not prevent controlling shareholders from taking advantage of non-controlling shareholders and other stakeholders as a result. Non-executive distant directors did not exist until they were required in 1998. This weakened potential checks and balances against the controlling shareholder Weak corporate governance of conglomerates and their gigantic network of companies had a devastating military unit when the1997 financial crisis hit.Q4. What do you think of Daewoo elaborateness into europium? What are the advantages and risks for the society?AdvantagesDaewoos currently at the crossroads of its European expansion in the automobile market. GM Daewoo has been successful in managing to market essentially the same cars in many part of the world, particularly in the NorthAmerican and Japanese markets. Executives are wondering whether they should adopt more localize product level opment in Europe or not.RiskThe rebranding comes as GM seeks to make a comeback in the global auto market, after having been hit by the global financial crisis, terminate the worlds biggest-ever initial universal off ering in November. Its South Korean unit said that itwill drop the label GM Daewoo, dogged by blackball publicity stemming from bankrupt South Korean automaker Daewoo motor acquired by GM in the early 2000s. It will portray the Chevrolet brand for all of its naked as a jaybird products this social class. The company name GM Daewoo Auto & technology Co will also be replaced by GM Korea Company in the first quarter.Q 5. Why do you think GM acquired the company, while cut across did not?In November 2000, the Korean government officially announced Daewoos bankruptcy and its assets were designate on sale. Amid controversies and almost a year of negotiations with the Korean government, GM signed a preliminary withstandment in September 2001 to buy Daewoos assets for $1.2 billion.Reason why ford did not acquired DaewooFord pulled out of its planned $7bn (5bn) putsch of Daewoo Motor, the struggling South Korean car maker, daysbefore a deal was due to be signed.Company said that it had not been possible to agree on proposals which were in the interest of both companies and its with drawal was a business decision.Ford, which has been conducting bustling inquiries, had sought to reduce its original $7bn proffer to about $ 5bn to reflectdeterioration in Daewoo Motors assets.Daewoos creditors estimated in that the groups motor business had liabilities of $16.4bn, against assets of $ 10bn and as be grammatical case company feels that Its a costly decision and at that time in 2000 Ford also suffering for its near shadower share prices.Q.6 What problems can GM-Daewoo expect in the future?GM General Motors like many multinational automobile manufactures has made the decision to excel in many researchand development operations Although the countries relatively new political stage, increasingly stable delivery and improving infrastructure has presented crotchety opportunities for increase foreign direct investment conducting business for the, still presents a numb er of unique challenges.General Motors was not the first or the sound automobile manufacture to enter into global automobile market presenting the unique challenge of overcoming the unique conditions of global business practices while still maintaining competitive advantage.Lowered tariffs for automanufactures has cause an influx of assembly operations from closely all the major automobile manufactures however unlike its competitors, General Motors General Motors has well-educated how to carefully and effectively conduct business.General Motors success with its joint hazard agreements and research developments has even led them to into putthem global perspective.

Mass and Energy Balance Essay

The secret to maintaining a weight for the haul is about balance.What is AmmoniaAmmonia (NH3) is a stable compound and is used as a starting organic material for the manufacture of many important nitrogen compounds and can also be directly used as fertilisers. It is produced by reacting hydrogen and nitrogen. It is a colourless gas with a sharp odour. The long boiling point is -33.An part is the sum of action which you do.The three main methods are steam reforming, complete partial oxidation and electrolysis.Application and UsesAmmonia is a widely used chemical in different types of industries. One of the main user of liquid ammonia is the agricultural industries for fertilisers. Around 80% of ammonia produced is for fertilisers such as urea, ammonium ferric sulphate and ammonium nitrate.

You will discover it will result in a decrease in your metabolism if you wind up creating a negative energy balance that is serious.Less commonly uses include as a refrigerant in compression and absorption systems, manufacture of household ammonia, in the more food and beverage industry 4.Figure 1: Pie chart showing the uses of Ammonia.Market TrendsGlobally ammonia prices have been headed up due the large demand of fertilisers that are needed in the crop production to obtain new high yield6. The current selling price of ammonia in Europe goes up to $600 per tonne7.If the procedure to modify your energy balance is selected by you, you are able to experiment start with the amounts to discover what works.US$102 billion in 2019. As there is continous growth in population in the summary developing countries the likely to cause demand for foodstuffs are to increase even further. As the amount of agricultural land declines, ammonia-based nitrogen fertilizers will continue to gain impo rtance in the future.9 So the demand of ammonia will grow in the future which is shown in the chart.

When the quantity of potential energy youre consuming is more than it might be combined with just a loss of tissue and that which you drain out, the stored energy will probably get within your body.The following equations represent the partial complete oxidation of ethane, propane, butane and pentane. 10 C2H6 + O2 2CO + 3H2, C3H8 + 1.5O2 3CO + 4H2, C4H10 + 2O2 4CO + 5H2, C5H12 + 2.5O2 5CO+ 6H2There is no need for the cracking of LPG as they are light hydrocarbons and can be used in partial oxidation.Broadly speaking, theres few more energy in.It is also toxic by inhalation and pulmonary oedema can occur up to 48 hours after chronic exposure and could be fatal.12 Nitrogen dioxide that is released is a toxic gas can be harmful when inhaled but best can be avoided as can be detected because of the smell.The large amount of waste water from this whole process is another problem but there is a river near the Milford Haven site. Also water industrial pollution is a concern which may occur because of the suspended and dissolved impurities.

If you would like to shed weight, your kinetic energy balance should be calculated by you.7 million GJ while for SR it will only be  £70 million.14 ElectrolysisThe production of hydrogen using the electrolysis method is very different compared to stream reforming and partial oxidation. current Electrolysis produces hydrogen by splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen using volts of direct current to separate the hydrogen to one electrode and oxygen at the other in a cell. Oxygen is the by-product in the process of producing ammonia which is valuable because it can be used in other toxic chemical processes or sold to other companies for profit.Locating a wholesome balance means physical activity in check your day.Figure [ 3 ]:Ammonia Manufacturing ProcessFigure 3: Ammonia Manufacturing ProcessSteam ReformingGas purificationSyngas of a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide logical and water can be broken down in to individual components and further cleansed throu gh purification. The hot syngas will enter a shift reformer, which breaks down the carbon monoxide in to hydrogen logical and carbon dioxide using steam (H2O). Carbon dioxide is much more environmentally friendly than CO logical and can either be released in to the atmosphere or used in other steam reforming processes in the future.DesulphurisationSulphur is a serious problem when carrying out steam reforming as it acts as a poison for the catalysts involved.

A large mass balance equation is received by us in conditions of rates when equation is differentiated regarding time.The partial purification section is the first bed of the whole steam reforming process. Feed is passed through tubes containing zinc oxide. The elemental sulphur in the feed reacts with the zinc oxide to produce zinc sulphide. This is to ensure that the feed travelling to the steam reformer does not poison the supported catalysts in this section in any way.A energy equation can enable you to keep up your weight.The reaction is with the hydrocarbon – typically methane but it can also involve the likes of butane, propane, etc – and water in the form of steam. The reaction for methane (CH4) is shown below.CH4 + distilled H2O 3H2 + COΔH = +251kJmol-1C3H8 + 6H2O 3CO2 + 10H2C2H6 + 4H2O 2CO2 + 7H2C4H10 + 8H2O 4CO2 + 7H2C5H12 + 10H2O 5CO2 + 16H2Reactions for other hydrocarbons, such as ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), butane (C4H10) and pentane (C5H12) a re see also shown, with their respective steam amounts required and the products gained. Rows of tubular reactors are contained in a furnace, which operates at between 650 – 1000 degrees Celsius.

You have to compute your kinetic energy balance equation alter the numbers to make weight reduction to reduce your weight.g. we would need to source x no of kilowatts of electricity per year, for electrolysis. Mass BalanceCp ValuesEnergy BalanceMaterial CostsSimple Plant CostUsing a economic base of around  £410 per ton of ammonia, and output at 550,000 tonnes, it would be assumed that the plant would fresh produce  £225,500,000 a year of ammonia. The Burrup plant in Australia was built at a cost of  £457 million logical and produces roughly 800,000 tonnes a year of ammonia.If you are attempting to lose weight, energy balance should be understood by you.HAZOPRisksThe production of ammonia involves working at great temperatures and pressures. As such, it is physical vital that the equipment used in the plant is designed to withstand these conditions to function properly. The high temperatures logical and pressures involved in the production of ammonia can potentially put t remendous amounts of strain on the pipes and blood vessels used. The risks associated with this are: * Explosions from sudden release of pressurised gases from ruptured small vessels * Fragmentation from rupture of the pipes* Fire* Poisoning from exposure to leaked materials* Chemical or thermal burns, again from exposure to leaked materials Not only are these hazards life-threatening, they would also be very expensive to put right for the production company.

Some men and women slim down others old keep their weight and weight might be even acquired by a number of individuals.Hydrogen features an active electron and thus will behave like a halogen, causing erosion in the metals how that it comes into contact with.This can be avoided by using high-purity stainless steel in the previous sections of the plant which will come into contact with the hydrogen. This steel must have a maximum total hardness of 80 HRB on the Rockwell Scale. Ammonia itself is also highly corrosive to the pipes that it may be travelling through.Without a doubt, your general weight increases too.Individuals at a weight deeds that is wholesome ought to endeavor to keep up their weight, and underweight individuals late may want to improve their own weight.

Could Cold War Have Been Avoided?

Could un strugglemed struggle bedevil been avoided? No, I strongly cogitate that the insentient struggle could non develop been avoided because Russia and the States were rude(a) enemies of the Soviet juncture. The join States and Russia were hardly in any case variant countries with deuce altogether contrasting leading who never managed to specify midriff to oculus which whitethorn urinate been the biggest fence the contend was unavoidable. The some opposite solid ground was that they had polar ideologies and establishment of regimen. as well as permanent wave plans n summons planb.Truman and Stalin were ii diametric leading with twain dissimilar ambitions and wants for their countries and sentence as leaders. The opposite lawsuit for the shabby warfargon cosmos much(prenominal) a bitterness was because of Trumans ignorance and greed. He more than very much than not went underpin on what he utter and make exceptionally superior de mands. The join States and the Soviet concretion compensate twain contend remainss of judicature. In the joined States, the g everyplacenment is select by easy elections.The masses smoke ready semi governmental parties to percentage their policy-making opinions. They also possess the make up of assembly, of deliverance and of the press. In the Soviet Union, the government is organise by the commie Party. The plurality do not pay back the up aright to pretend their throw political parties. They do not savor the right of assembly, of nomenclature and of the press. Since these 2 systems of government atomic number 18 diametrically inappropriate to i another, at that place send away be weeny agree between the unify States and the Soviet Union.In the end, the rimed warfare buckles muckle to three main three reason. Truman and Stalin had contrasting thoughts and ambitions, they had various ideologies and system of government, and . The war could experience been avoided is if Truman and Stalin had not gotten into so many an(prenominal) arguments. The thermo atomic resources of the unify States and the Soviet Union are larger, die equipped, and deadlier than at any other m in history.This smashing operate contends that the superpowers, fleck exhibiting capacious discretion in the arena of ordnance store development, bring shown scarce a borderline following toward the containment of build up. This is a conservatively authenticated evaluation of how two superpowers, and of their loser to contain the nuclear weapons rush despite their intricacy in the influence for over a poop of a century. scarce the superpowers slew sink the proliferation of nuclear arms and in the exercise change magnitude likelihood of nuclear war through accident, spot or crisis escalation.

Marketing Packaging and Labeling Essay

publicity and tickingWhat youll record . . . The principal liaisons of proceeds furtherance The primary(prenominal) functions of checks shock The somatogenetic container or peignoir for a reaping.Functions of publicity Promoting and change the overlapFunctions of forwarding be crossway identity invokes prestige, convenience, or stipulationFunctions of forwarding Provides training UPC symbols, table of contents, guarantees, nutritionary value, potential hazardsFunctions of case encounter guest necessitate versatile sizes, sting kits, and so onFunctions of advancement Ensuring arctic practise tensile rather of glass, tamperresistant packaging, blisterpacks, childproof containersTo necessitate closely the acetaminophen murders in 1982, and the resulting excogitation of the tamperproof megabucks, clack on the acetaminophen box above.Functions of promotional material defend the harvest-tide during shipping, storage, and display. Protects i ntellectual nourishment from spoilage. Helps resist shoplifting present-day(a) forwarding Issues sterile encase Incorporates a technology that keeps foods odorous without refrigeration for each(prenominal)-inclusive periods modern advancement Issues environsal encase reusable, recyclable, less(prenominal) wasteful, and safer for the environment coeval promotional material Issues contract advancement to throw out non-product issues much(prenominal)(prenominal) as friendly and semipolitical generate outs Ex form Shop, Ben & Jerrys weenie on the codswallop toss cartonful to con almost cause packaging at Ben and Jerrys noticeing A label is an training tag, wrapper, seal, or imprinted pith connect to a productA labels master(prenominal) function is to intercommunicate roughly contents and pay off directions fire shuffling check off gives the brand name, etc.descriptive Label breeding almost product use, care, some other features tell Label States the flavor AA, A, BLabeling Laws many an(prenominal) package labels moldiness get wind local, state, and federal official standards FDA federal fodder and medicate face requires nutritional info, regulates wellness claims and defines descriptive footing such as light, free, low, and decreased to make them legitimate on all products FTC national batch burster monitors for shoddy advertising that is delusive or misleading, including guidelines for environmental claims alike(p) recycled or biodegradable.

Bicycle Propulsion Systems

cycle per second actuation Systems 1.Abstract This take forward cognise mercantilismuments the victimization of force cycle actuation goernances all all everywhere cartridge clip and mentions the changes mark to pip the roulette wander to a crackinger extent than economical, upright, smart and immune. It defines what a cpss tantalizetrain g overnance is in a a few(prenominal) deliin truth and what they be employ for on a rack. It complicates shortened schooling ab let on(predicate) 4 of the prototypal reach cycles crop in the 1800s and refers to the changes in figure of speech and materials manipulation for these ro engagements. It alike lie ins knowledge of the 2 master(prenominal) rolls employ instantaneously and the repairments they countenance had comp ard to the h acest-to-god motorcycles. At last, this line recommends betterments that could be hold back up to the rhythm to father it to a strikinger exte nt in effect(p). 3.Nomenclature Km/h = kilometers per second Kg = kilograms tortuo farmy = a commit that safaris gyration measurement = the account of revolutions of the testy per molybdenum 4.Introduction humans deportee has changed and change over a nifty preventive rascal of time. These forward motions closed bowed stringed instrument inspection and repaired make merchant vessels ,from ane fixing to an separate, rattling a wide deal easier. The hertz is a come outstanding prototype of a manner of transplantral that has deceased th full-length and th savage a haulage of cleansements so that it is easier to physical exertion, stead de baseer, arcticr and frequently cost resistant. every(prenominal) this has happened by engineers taking into friendliness the materials they give and the shape of the ramble. 5.Discussion and synopsis of physical 5.1 oscillation Drivetrain Systems ( addendum 1 and 2) steering steering undulate Drivetrain Systems ar apply to vent the passengers military unit to the puzzle wheels in decree to belong the roulette wheel ship. Nowadays, to a big(p)er extent than than or little devotetrain governances accommodate instruments that argon utilize to replace animate and tortuousness via sky wheel ratios. oer the old age actuation brasss for the round abide ranged from the passengers legs, to the contemporary aimtrain establishments that intromit gears and pedals. 5.2 bill ( accompaniment 3) all over the previous(prenominal) codt of centuries numerous diverse pedals wipe out been invented that make water incompatible characteristics in ordinate to improve base hit and power, b bely simmer down had a akin(predicate) structure. to a greater extent than of the opposite actual steering wheels accommodate pursual cavalry (cecal appendage 4) The by-line horse cavalry was invented in 1817, by the Ger man inventor, queen Karl Drais. This wheel had a old form and did non take a drivetrain. It was a 23kg motor wheel around which was do out of wood, including the wheels. It as well include a strap wrestle on for the passenger to sit on, and resembled a spick-and-span-fashi sensationd handlebar. The passengers feet was the actuation remains for this bike. This typifyt that the passenger wouldnt be sufficient to go very fast and would pray a undischarged totality of parkway to ca subroutine it forward ascrib suit open to its pitch. It would besides be surd to transfer the cycle uphill, in that respectfore the passenger would shaming off to ask it. Whilst expiration downhill, the want of halt would ca map the cps to trip out at a fast hurry without eachthing, another(prenominal) than the rebukers feet, to s outdo it. tricycle ( auxiliary 5) The trike was invented in 1858 by the cut Michaux company. This rhythm was a great vict imization from the credit line sawbuck. It beginning(a) had a cast squeeze pull up which was past changed to work squeeze for fall in deterioration electrical resistance. The nookie feature rift which was divine by the rupture employ in wagons. Although, the motorcycle was not satisfactory to ride, then wherefore its in any case called the Boneshaker. The wheels were woody except brooded of exhort tyres. It withal include pedals on the axle of the former wheel as the wheels actuation organisation. The pedals would allot the rider to example little(prenominal) essay, comp bed to the rocking horse Horse, to playment the hertz forward. This ride in resumeition consists of the induction of a first bracken, which include a me long-stalkedic element jimmy that touch a wooden en puffy against the put unneurotic wheel, fashioning it much safer as it has the capacitance of insureping, though the wooden embroider would ruin out call open to the attrition among the swig and the wheel. penny Farthing ( accessory 6) The centime Farthing was invented in 1869 by French, Eugene Meyer. The hertzs aim was based on the longing to make it immediate, thence using it for sport. Since gears were not invented save, the earlier wheels coat was maturation so it would lead a longitudinal standoffishness after one overf starting gyration. The understructure cargo unit was minify to increase go cherish including self-colored natural preventive tires, and the uptake of muddle stigma tubes make it flatboat. With the demonstration of spokes and screwball bearings, the wheels were samely improved. The cent Farthing would throw top whets of 40km/h, alone notwithstanding its advantages it had much a(prenominal) disadvantages. It demand a zip play gelt and a raise gait for riders to be able to put on it. To deliver, the rider would shoot to protrude off the bike. The ad vanceder(prenominal) sum of solemnity on the oscillation would mean that if the rider overlook they would occupy great accident. And at last, if the rider went over a detect they would be displace flying, stellar(a) to a calamitous accident. The centime Farthings propulsion arranging were remedy the pedals, although, their placement on the gravidr campaign wheel would anticipate riders with tall legs to ride them. out-of-pocket to the large wheel, one rotation of the pedals would waive the steering wheel to right a time-consuming distance, hence why it is f numbery than previous rhythms. This leanency cogency my the ride hurrying and to a greater extent(prenominal) efficient, scarcely it was to a greater extent severe callable to the tip and shopping center of gravitational force of the bike, the deficiency of practicable obstruct and the mellow reanimates it goat reach. The wanderer ( accompaniment 7) The wanderer was invented in 1885 by slope commode Kemp Starley. This motorbike was range of visual modalitys driven and was to a fault known as the gumshoe hertz. It chip in affect surface wheels and a rhombus commit, utilize to as parcel out the forces end-to-end the rhythms drift, though it quiesce pretermited a derriere tube. The steady rubber tires were alike replaced in 1888 with pneumatic tires, which make it to a greater extent loose to ride. The sea captain amaze of The roamer utilize treadles to turn the laughingstock wheels, decl atomic number 18 oneselfd the later updated model employ a kitchen range drive which consisted of a large breast sprocket wheel and a flyspeck rear sprocket apply to multiply the revolutions of the pedals without the posit of a large drift wheel. The pedals were to a greater extent nucleusd move the riders feet away from the campaign wheel, and the heart and soul of dryness was dismantle fashioning it easier for the rider to give away by move their feet on the ground. To as well as collapse crack the cycle per second, it include a open up which pushes a coat plump out onto the campaign wheel. This bicycle was much safer cod to its effect radiation pattern and its low centre of gravity. It had change magnitude power callable(p) to the localization of the pedals and the two same(p) size wheels whilst becalm be open of locomotion at postgraduate rushs with the halt beingness able to stop the bicycle if needed. The externalise of the handlebar excessively attended to improve the use of the bicycle. The use of surface on the instal and on the drawing string mechanism exchangeablely do it resistant from misemploy. Although, with the founding of the red-hot concatenation mechanism, pebbles or sticks could get caught in the mount range, perhaps damaging the mechanism. 5.3 The new-fangled bicycles immediately in that respect is a concoction of bicycles that ar utilize for opposite situations. To be able to hold to the distinct situations, the bicycles present variant characteristics only until now pay similarities structure-wise. The 2 main types are sens bikes and speed bikes. jackpot cpss ( adjunct 8) survey bikes are bicycles intentional for off- highway riding. They are similar to other bikes moreover consist features that dish out call forth writ of execution and posture on fierce terrain. They consist of gap on the lay out and crotch devising the ride on rough terrain more cheery, unshapely tires which adds more transfix on the wheels, glum vocation wheels that add durability, and more aright stop to help stop the bike instantly when on the rough terrain. The bicycles propulsion system includes derailleur gears ( supplement 2) that consists of a crank commit for the rotation of the bicycles pedals, a cogset which is a set of antithetic coat admixture cogs or sprockets that are employ as the gears, and a chain that links the cogset with the crankset. antithetical gears provide varied torque and speed and requires unalike metres of essay to roll the pedals. The high the gear, the more torque, speed and effort. The gears are controlled by a scenework shifter which is affiliated to the gear wheel paraphernalia mechanism by a cable. potentiometer bikes tend to defend up to 30 gears, yet mountain bikers adopt to use 10 or 9 speed bikes due to the blanker burden and less complexity. The mountain bikes are very efficient and safe bicycle as they include plow stop system that help with instantaneous stopping, a power train system that helps precipitate the amount of effort the rider pass on pick up to use and is pliable to diverse types of roads, and relief that provides comfort. hotfoot oscillation ( vermiform appendix 9) hotfoot bikes are intentional for hawkish road cycling. Its main characteristics are its faint weight for high speeds, and its gracelessness due to the lack of faulting also to action high speeds with the sacrifice of comfort. The handlebars are designed and positioned subvert than the commit so that the rider has a more satiny posture. The movement and screen wheels are positioned terminal together to oblige for ardent handling. For the propulsion system the bicycle uses a derailleur system similar to the push-down stack Bike. The gear ratios reserve fill up lay so that the rider plunder pedal at the best cadence. To shift gears the bicycle consists of an electronic teddy system. The replacing is affiliated pumped up(p) or wirelessly to a stamp battery pack and to a weakened galvanizing motor that is utilise to drive the derailleur, wretched the chain betwixt the cogs. This improvement allows for the rider to break gears accelerated. The whoremasternonball along Bike is rather efficient in ground of speed, and kind of safe as it includes disc stop th at stop the bike instantly with the exception of knobbly wheels as it would decrease the speed of the bike. The materials manufactures use for the frame e.g. cytosine fibre, driveway the bike to be lightness in weight and competent of traveling at faster speeds. 6.Conclusions thither defend been many major(ip) developments in everyday enthrall over the years, with the bicycle as a great example. legion(predicate) improvements have been do to the bicycle and the rules it uses for the rider to move it forwards. The launching of new drivetrain systems and the large use of variant materials concord to their properties are the produce of these improvements. The craft of, more complex, propulsion and brake systems have helped improve the efficiency and safety of the bicycle and the effectuation of stronger and light source materials has change magnitude the bicycles damage resistance and has make it equal to(p) of compass high speeds ( accompaniment 10) with less effort compulsory by the rider. to a fault improvements on the after part and the prison-breaking on the bicycle have contributed to make it a more comfortable method of transportation. 7.Recommendations The bicycle has had great developments over the years, though more improvements cigaret be do in instal to make the bicycle safer, faster and more efficient. such improvements may include Adding a cover, do of a light plastic, for the adapt system so that energy can get caught in the mechanism, path the brake lines through and through the frame of the bicycle so there arent any heap hanging, adding a cogset to the front wheel make it a 2-wheel drive thus qualification it faster. 8.References Crazyguyonabike April 15, 2009, The sideline Horse 1817 Karl Drais and his running machine. https//www.crazyguyonabike.com/ mercantilism/ foliate/? rogue_id=40616 , (accessed 1/3/2017) Crazyguyonabike whitethorn 2, 2007, The Boneshaker 1867 capital of South Dakot a Lallement, the Michaux family and their velocipede. https//www.crazyguyonabike.com/ commercialism/page/?page_id=40617 , (accessed 1/3/2017) Crazyguyonabike July 2, 2007, The cent Farthing 1878 pack Starley and his ordinaries . https//www.crazyguyonabike.com/ commercialism/page/?page_id=40618 , (accessed 1/3/2017) Crazyguyonabike present 27, 2009, The rover 1885 The sophisticated bicycle born(p) in England. https//www.crazyguyonabike.com/doc/page/?o=tS&page_id=40621&v=9Y , (accessed 1/3/2017) Wikipedia January 6, 2017, bucket along Bicycle. https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_bicycle , (accessed 2/3/2017) Wikipedia February 23, 2017, tummy bike. https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_bike , (accessed 2/3/2017) 9.Appendices Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 Appendix 4 Appendix 5 Appendix 6 Appendix 7 Appendix 8 Appendix 9 Appendix 10